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Using Mac Applications with Voiceover Snow Leopard edition Revision 01

By: John W Hess

What is Voiceover?

     For those with vision disabilities, Snow Leopard includes Voiceover, a built-in screen reader that provides keyboard control of the computer, enhanced screen magnification options, and spoken English descriptions of what is on the screen. Voiceover enables many users with special needs to work collaboratively with other Mac users and use a Macintosh without assistance.
     Voiceover is intended to provide those who are blind, have low vision, or learning difficulties the ability to use a Macintosh. It is perfect for those who have never used a computer or screen reader before, for those who are new to Macintosh and for those using screen readers on Mac OS 9 and want to take advantage of all Mac OS X has to offer. With Voiceover, you will be able to create and edit word processing documents, send email and browse the world wide web, and even play chess!
     Voiceover reads aloud the contents of documents and speaks a description of your workspace and the activities taking place on your computer. Snow Leopard includes over 20 unique synthesized voices and you can adjust the rate, pitch and volume of each voice individually. Several voices such as Alex, Vicki, Bruce and Fred are also optimized to speak extremely fast so you listen to documents at your own speed. You can also assign different voices to speak at different times. So for example, one will speak the menus while another speaks the content of a document. There is also a pronunciation dictionary so Voiceover will speak names and phrases the way you prefer. When typing, you can set Voiceover to speak every character or only complete words.

Application Specific Settings

Note: Voiceover keys = Control-Option and will be denoted by the short form VO Keys.

     Unlike global settings application specific settings effect a particular application and do not effect the entire operating system.
The settings that will be discussed are for Safari, Text Edit and Calculator.

Safari

     Open the preferences dialog by pressing Command-comma
This is a multipage dialog containing 8 pages. To move through the pages Press VO Keys-home and the word "tool bar" will be spoken. The tool bar contains 8 buttons which allow a user to pick a specific page of settings. Interact with the tool bar by pressing VO Keys-Shift-DownArrow and hear "interact with tool bar 8 Items general button" spoken. Press VO Keys-Right Arrow to move across the tool bar until the advanced button is spoken. To activate the button press VO Keys-Spacebar.
On the advanced page of the dialog under the section Universal Access check the box that says Press tab to highlight each item on a web page. This will allow the tab key to move through the links on the page and Option-Tab to move through controls such as edit fields, check boxes and push buttons.
     Hiding the Bookmarks bar can make a Voiceover user's experience browsing the internet much easier. The Bookmarks bar contains a variety of websites a user can easily go to by the click of a mouse or the press of the Voiceover keys. However, since there can be many bookmarks on the bar it takes a while to find the actual HTML content. Hiding this bar enables the Voiceover user to access the content quickly and easily. A Voiceover user can access bookmarks from the menu bar.

The bookmarks bar can be found under the view menu and can be hidden in the following two ways:

1. Press Command-Shift-b. This command is a toggle that allows the bookmarks bar to be hidden or shown. Alternatively pressing VO Keys-m will activate the menu bar, press right arrow to move to the view menu and then press the down arrow until the choice hide bookmarks bar is heard and press enter to select the item. The menu will close and the bar will be hidden.

Text Edit
     Open the preferences dialog by pressing Command-comma
This is a multipage dialog containing two pages. The first page will be highlighted and is called New Document. Under the options section Show Ruler should be unchecked. The reason for this is that it allows Voiceover to track better when reading the text of a document. If the ruler is checked the Voiceover cursor will sometimes get stuck on the ruler and read it's information rather than the document.

Calculator
For a speech user to use calculator effectively the following settings must be checked.

1. VO Keys-m=menu bar
2. Right arrow to speech.
3. Down arrow to speak button pressed and if it doesn't say checked press enter.
4. Repeat the above procedure and when arrowing down through the speech menu when speak result is heard press enter to check it if it isn't already checked.

At this point calculations can be typed in on the keyboard and will be spoken

Using Voiceover to Navigate Around Snow Leopard as well as Various Applications

Note: Voiceover keys = Control-Option and will be denoted by the short form VO Keys.

1. Orientation to the screen (where am I keys).
     a. VO Keys-F1 = Application. Pressed twice = application chooser       list.
     b. VO Keys-F2 = Window. Press twice =window chooser list.
     c. VO Keys-F3 = Voiceover cursor focus. pressed twice provides more information about the item under the voiceover curser.
d. VO Keys F4 = Keyboard focus. Pressed twice provides more information about the item under the curser.
     e. VO Keys F5 = Mouse focus. Pressed twice provides more information about the item under the mouse.
     f. VO Keys F6 = selection. This pertains to either text or items.

2. Voiceover help menu, commands menu and utility.
     The Voiceover help menu is activated by pressing VO Keys and while holding them down pressing the letter H 1 time.
. Here find items pertaining to       Voiceover commands, help and settings.
Commands help is activated by pressing the VO Keys and while holding them down pressing the letter h 2 times quickly. Here find menus of commands such as General INformation and navigation.
voiceover Utility = VO Keys F8. Change Voiceover settings            such as rate, pitch, type of voice and other settings.

3. Navigating the desktop.
     a. Arrow keys.
     b. Tab through icons.
     c. type first few letters of desired item.

4. Opening and closing items in a folder or on the desktop.
     a. Command-o opens an item.
     b. Pressing enter on an item opens an edit box where the item       can be renamed.
     c. Command-w closes a window or folder.
     d. Command-q closes applications.

5. The menu bar.
     a. VO Keys-m activates menu
     b. VO Keys-m twice activates the status menu which shoes clock       battery status and other items.
     c. VO Keys-shift-M activates context menus same as right            clicking on a link or item or using the applications key in            Windows.

6. Where are applications located?
     a. Command-Shift-a opens the applications folder.
     b. Use arrows, tab or type the first few letters of the application.
     c. Command-o opens the application.
Note: When viewing a folder there are 3 view settings.
Command-1 = Icon view
Command-2 = list view
Command-3 = column view.
List view is the easiest to read and select multiple files from a folder.

7. Navigating Tool Bars

One of the major changes found in Snow Leopard is that tool bars are sometimes used to perform the same functions as the multipage dialog box. This can be illustrated by taking a look at the preferences in Mail.

1. go to the desk top by pressing VO Keys-Shift-d.
2. Open the applications folder by pressing Command-Shift-A.
3. Press the letter "M" to bring focus to the first application that starts

with the letter "M".
4. If the word "Mail" is heard press command-o to open the
application. If a different name is heard press the tab key until the
word "Mail" is heard and then press command-O.
5. Once Mail has been open press Command-Comma to open the
preferences window.
7. Press VO Keys-home to bring focus to the tool bar. The words "Tool
Bar" will be heard.
8. Interact with the tool bar by pressing VO Keys-Shift-down arrow. The words "Interact with tool bar 9 Items General" will be spoken.

Note: Interacting with an object or content is similar to opening a box and taking a look inside. In the case of a tool bar when focus is brought to the tool bar the words "Tool Bar" are heard however without interacting with the tool bar it is impossible to view and manipulate the various controls.

9. While holding the VO Keys use the left and right arrow to review the
choices available on the tool bar.

Note: While interacting with an object or content the Voiceover cursor is restricted to the area within the object or content. The only way to leave this area is to stop interacting with it by pressing VO Keys-Shift-Up Arrow.
Find the item called "general on the tool bar and select it by pressing VO Keys-SpaceBar. Notice that focus has been moved from the tool bar to the choices under the item called general.
If focus remains on the toolbar stop interacting with the object by pressing VO Keys-Shift-uparrow.
Use VO Keys-left and right arrow to review the choices and then press Command-W to close the preferences window followed by Command-Q to quit Mail..
If focus is brought back to the applications folder press Command-W to close it.

Using Voiceover Help

There are a variety of ways to get help using Voiceover. They are:

1. VO Keys-k activates keyboard help. Voiceover will now speak any key combination that is pressed and the VoiceOVer command associated with it. If there is no command associated with the key or combination of keys only the keys will be spoken. Pressing escape exits keyboard help.
2. VO Keys-question-Mark opens the main list of help topics for

Voiceover. THis information is offered in HTML the same as a webpage and can be navigated by using the Voiceover curser. Command-w closes the help window.
3. . VO Keys-h pressed one time opens the voiceover help menu which provides a variety of help resources and information. Use the up and down arrows to move through this list and press enter on the desired item.
One of the helpful items that can be found here is the sounds menu. Press VO Keys-h to activate the voiceover help menu. Press the letter s to move to the sounds menu and then enter to activate it. Use the up and down arrows to move through the list of sounds and there descriptions. Along with the spoken information the sound will be heard. Press the escape key to exit the help menu.
4. VO Keys-h pressed two times activates the commands help menu. This menu contains a list of categories of commands. Use the up and down arrows to move through the list and enter to select the desired item. Example: for commands pertaining to web navigation press VO Keys-h two times, down arrow to web navigation and press enter. Press the down arrow to move through the list of items in the category. Press enter to execute the command or Press the escape key to exit the menu.
5. VO Keys-Command-F8 activates the VoiceOVer getting started
tutorial. This tutorial contains exercises involving real time practice with VoiceoVer. Pressing escape exits the Tutorial. When the tutorial is started again two choices are offered. One, to resume the tutorial from where it was exited or to restart from the beginning.
6. vo-shift-n Context specific Help. This command speaks a message about the control or area that is in focus as well as instructions on how to manipulate it.
7. VO-Shift-H Reads helptag. If there is a help tag attached to the item it will be read by Voiceover. A help tag provides instructions on what to do with the control in focus and is similar to a tool tip in Windows. These are specific to applications and are not always available.
8. VO Keys-Shift-I web page information. When navigating the Internet using Safari this command will provide information about the page such as how many elements are on the page and there names. Example: it might say there are 42 headings, 27 links and so on. This can be very helpful in learning the quickest way to navigate a page.

Below are the steps to navigate the main VoiceOver help topics.

Note: Voiceover keys = Control-Option and will be denoted by the short form VO Keys.

Note: Voiceover keys must be held when navigating the screen. They can be locked by pressing VO Keys=Semicolon and unlocked with the same combination. When they are locked they don't need to be held however, if any typing needs to be done they must be unlocked.

1. Press VO Keys-question mark to activate Voiceover Help. ONce the page loads it will start reading automatically. Press the control key to pause the reading and press control again to resume reading.
2. SNow Leopard now offers a variety of navigation keys when browsing html

content. Headings are one of the most useful ways of navigating this
type of information. Press VO Keys-Home to move to the top of the page. Press VO Keys-Command-H one time and "The words "Heading Level 1 VoiceOver help"will be spoken.
5. While holding the VO Keys down use the right arrow to move to the
link that says "Getting started". move the VoiceOVer curser to the right one time and hear the description "learn the basics of
VoiceOver".
Move the Voiceover curser back to the link that says "getting started" and press VO Keys-spacebar to activate the link.
The page will begin reading automatically. Pressing the control key one time pauses the reading and pressing it again resumes from where the reading stopped. Press VO Keys-Home to move to the beginning of the page. Move the Voiceover curser by pressing VO Keys-right arrow to read the information on the page. To activate a link and read more about an item press VO Keys-spacebar. To return to the beginning of the help page press VO Keys-home. The Words "LInk Home" will be spoken. Activate the link by pressing VO Keys-spacebar. The page will load and start reading automatically.
9. Press Command-W to close the help window.

Using the Dock

In the default configuration the dock is located at the bottom of the screen and provides a list of currently running tasks as well as files, folders and applications added by the user. This is a very effective way of keeping the most used apps and folders available for quick access. The dock is activated by pressing VO Keys-d. The word "dock" followed by the name of the highlighted application, file or folder along with the number of items on the dock is spoken.
Pressing the left and right arrow keys will move across the dock and the items will be spoken as the arrows are moved. Pressing tab and shift tab will also move forward and backward through the items on the dock. To open and application or file from the dock press the enter key. To open a folder from the dock press VO Keys-shift-m followed by the letter o and then press the enter key.

Adding a file, folder or application to the dock.
To add an item to the dock go to the folder where the item is located and be sure the item is selected by pressing VO-f6 to hear it's name. Press Command-Shift-t and hear the words "add to dock".

Using Quick Nav

Quick Nav allows a user to navigate the screen with the voiceover curser without holding down the voiceover keys. It also provides the ability to interact and activate items on the screen. It also allows navigation by characters, words and objects also called navigation. ON a webpage or in an html dockument quicknav allows access to all items in the web chooser which will be discussed later. To activate quicknav press the left and right arrows together and hear "quicknav on" or "quicknav off". When quicknav is turned on pressing the left or right arrow will navigate by the desired element. Pressing up and down arrow together will activate an item. Pressing Down and right arrow together will interact with an object and pressing down and left arrow together will stop interacting with an object. Pressing up and right or left arrow will cycle through the available elements. Up-right arrow will move forward and up-left will move backward.

Using Quick Look

Quick Look is a fantastic feature that allows a user to view or listen to a file without having to open an application. This is especially useful if it is not known what application created the file or if the particular application is not installed on the computer. QuickLook is accessed in two ways. The first is by pressing the spacebar to activate it and pressing the spacebar to close it. Command-y will do the same thing and is also a toggle.

Listening to a Music File using Quick Look

One of the great things about using QuickLook for listening to a music file is that the file will not be imported in to the ITunes library.

1. go to a folder containing music and select a file. Use VO Keys-F6 to hear the file name to be sure it's highlighted.
2. press the spacebar to open QuickLook and the file will begin playing.
3. Press VO Keys-Spacebar to mute the audio.
4. Press VO Keys-RightArow to explore the window.

Note: The item that says "timeline" can be interacted with making it possible to scroll through the file.
5. Press the spacebar to close QuickLook.
Viewing other types of files is similar however after entering quickLook the file is represented by HTML content and must be interacted with to view the file. This includes dockuments and spreadsheets.

Applications

Note: Voiceover keys = Control-Option and will be denoted by the short form VO Keys.

Surfing the Internet with Safari.

1. Command-l=open URL. Type address and press enter.
2. Option-tab moves through controls.
3. VO Keys-i=item chooser list.
4. VO Keys-u=webchooser.
5. VO Keys-Command-h moves forward through headings.
6. VO Keys-Command-Shift-H moves backward through headings.
7. VO Keys-Spacebar=activate link.
8. VO Keys-Shift-M activates a context menu similar to a right click or

pressing the applications key in Windows.
9. VO Keys-Shift-down-arrow=interact with content, the way a page is
read.
10. VO Keys-Shift-Up Arrow=stop interacting with content, brings focus
back to the rest of the safari screen and out of the page content.

Note: When moving through the Safari screen when the words "HTML content" are heard, VO Keys-shift-down arrow must be pressed to interact with the content and bring focus to the body of the webpage.

Item Chooser and Web Chooser Explained

Apple has included two extraordinarily useful tools in the Mac OS called Item chooser and Web Chooser. The Item chooser is a global tool that can be used anyware from within SNow Leopard. Navigating quickly through Safari preferences using Item Chooser
Open the Safari web browser by doing the following. Press VO Keys-Shift-d to go to the desktop. Press Command-Shift-a to open the applications folder. Press s and hear the name of the first application starting with the letter S. Press the tab key until the word Safari is spoken. Press Command-O to open Safari. Press Command-, to open the preferences dialog. Press VO Keys-i to start the Item Chooser. Note: All items contained in the dialog will be placed in a list. Type the letters AD and here the words "six Items Advanced button" spoken. Press this button one time with VO Keys-spacebar. The Item Chooser will close and the keyboard focus will be on the advanced button. Press the button again by using VO Keys-Spacebar and focus will move to the items in the dialog under the advanced category. Using the Item Chooser eliminates much of the movement with the VoiceOVer curser and provides a more direct way of getting to an item either in a dialog or on a webpage.
Web Chooser is specifically designed for navigating HTML documents and webpages.
While still in Safari press Command-L to bring focus to the address bar and type: <http://www.phonescoop.com> and press enter. Once the page is loaded press the control key to pause the reading. Activate web Chooser by pressing VO Keys-u and hear "Open Web Item Rotor". The Web Chooser makes lists of the different elements on a webpage such as headings, links, tables, and more. Press the right arrow to cycle through the elements until the word "heading" is heard. Press the down arrow and hear only the headings on the page. Press the downarrow until the heading "news" is spoken. Press the enter key to leave the list and return to the page with the focus on the heading "news". Press VO Keys-right arrow to read through the page and find different news stories pertaining to the world of the cellular phone.

Using Wikipedia and Searching with Google

Press Command-Shift-a to open the applications folder.
Type "SAF" and "Safari" will be spoken.
Press Command-O to open the Safari web browser.

1. Press command-l to open the address bar and type: www.wikipedia.com. A sound will be heard once the page is loaded and VoiceOVer will begin to read the page automatically.. Once the page starts reading press the control key to stop VoiceOVer from speaking. Press VO Keys-f4 to hear the keyboard focus. a bunch of different language choices should be heard with edit at the end of the choices. If edit is not heard then press VO Keys-Command-Shift-J until the language choices are spoken. AT the end of the choices edit will be heard and The curser will be positioned in the edit field ready for typing. This can be verified by pressing VO Keys-f4.
Alternatively activate quicknav by pressing the left and right arrow together. The words "QuickNav on" will be spoken. Press the up and right arros together until the words "form controls" are spoken. Press the up and down arrows each by themselves to move through the list of form controls until "edit is heard. Verify that the curser is in the edit field by pressing VO Keys-f4.
2. Type "podcast" and press enter. A sound will be heard once the new page is loaded.
3. Press VO Keys-Command-H to move through the different headings.
4. When the desired heading is found press VO Keys-a to read from the heading to the end of the page. Press the control key to pause and also resume reading.

Searching with Google

1. Press Command-L and type www.google.com and press enter. A sound will be heard once the page is loaded and then Voiceover will begin reading it's contents. Press the control key to stop the reading and press VoiceOVer f4 to verify that keyboard focus is in the edit box. If it is not and another button is heard press VO Keys-Command-Shift-J until edit is heard.
Alternatively activate quicknav by pressing the left and right arrow together. The words "QuickNav on" will be spoken. Press the up and right arros together until the words "form controls" are spoken. Press the up and down arrows each by themselves to move through the list of form controls until "edit is heard. Verify that the curser is in the edit field by pressing VO Keys-f4.
2. Type "beverages     " and press enter. A sound will be heard when the page is loaded and VoiceOVer will start reading automaticly. Press the control key to pause the reading.
4. Activate the Web Chooser by pressing VO Keys-U and hear ""Open Web Item Rotor". "
Note: When searching using Google sponsored links are usually first and not cached on the site. The first cached item is usually the first search result.
6. Press the right arrow until the word "Headers" is heard.
7. Press the down arrow until "Search Results" is heard.
8. Press VO Keys-spacebar to leave the WEb Chooser and bring focus to the heading and hear "Heading Level 2 Search Results".
9. Press VO Keys-A to read from the heading to the end of the page. REmember that pressing the control key pauses and also resumes reading.
Note: to click on any link simply press VO Keys-Spacebar on a line where the word link is heard.

Text Edit--Used for Basic Word Processing

1. Open document = command-O. Note: default folder is Documents.
     a. Down arrow through list or start typing the document name to      select the document and press enter to open.

2. Reading a document.
     a. Command-up arrow=top of document.
     b. Command-Down arrow=Bottom of document
     c. Command-Left Arrow=beginning of line.
     d. Command-Right Arrow=end of line
     e. Option Left-Right arrows move by word.
     f. VO Keys-L,W,C,S, and P = current line, word, character,      
     sentence and paragraph.
     g. VO Keys-t reads attributes such as font size and style.
     H. VO Keys-b Reads the document from the top of the document to the cursor.
I. VO Keys-a reads the document from the cursor position to the       end.
Note: Sometimes the Voiceover cursor doesn't follow the keyboard focus which will result in the Say All command reading other things. This can be corrected by routing the Voiceover cursor to the keyboard focus by pressing VO Keys-Shift-f4 to be sure The Say All command reads from the cursor position to the end of the document interact with the content by pressing VO Keys-Down Arrow. VO Keys-F3 pressed one time will say what line the voiceover curser is on as well as the current word and character. Pressing VO Keys-f3 a second time will say how many lines are in the document as well as how many visible lines are on the screen.
VO Keys-f4 will read the cursor position which consists of saying the word that the curser is located closest too as well as where the next character will be inserted

3. Formatting a document.
     a. Select text by adding the shift key to any of the cursor      
      movement keys.
     b. Bold=Command-b, Italics=command-i, Underline=command-u
     c. Alignment: Left=Command-Left Brace, right=command-Right       brace, Center=command-vertical line.

Note: Braces are brackets with the shift key held and the vertical line is the backslash with the shift key held.
Note: Text must be selected before the attributes can be applied.

4. Spell checking a document
     To check the document one word at a time do the following.
     a. Command-semicolon Highlights misspelled word.
     B. Press VO Keys-W to hear the misspelled word and VO Keys-W to spell the word.
C. Press VO Keys-L to read the current line and hear the misspelled word in context.
C. VO Keys-shift-m activate context menu displaying suggestions       and other items.
     c. Down arrow to desired suggestion and press enter.
     d. Repeat above procedure until a sound is heard along with the       words "Check Document Now" signifying end of document.
Alternatively Pressing Command-shift-semicolon will open the spell checker dialog. Pressing down arrow by itself will move through the suggestions and pressing enter on a suggestion will replace the misspelled word with the suggestion and then move to the next misspelled word.
If the Next misspelled word is not automatically spoken Pressing VO Keys-W will read the misspelled word. To ignore a word and move to the next one press the tab key until "ignore" is heard and then press the enter key.
5. Saving a document
     a. Command-s=save. Pressing this command opens the save       dialog where the name of the document is typed. Press enter       to save the document.
b. Command-shift-S=save as.

Using the Calculator

Press Command-Shift-a to open the applications folder.
Type "Calc" and "Calculator" will be spoken.
Press Command-O to open the calculator.

There are three types of calculators available.
Command-1=basic
Command-2=scientific
Command-3=programmer
For this tutorial the basic calculator will be used.
When the calculator is opened the default is Basic and the cursor is positioned in the window where calculations can be typed. For a VoiceOver user to use calculator effectively the following settings must be checked.

1. VO Keys-m=menu bar
2. Right arrow to speech.
3. Down arrow to speak button pressed and if it doesn't say checked press enter.
4. Repeat the above procedure and when arrowing down through the speech menu when speak result is heard press enter to check it if it isn't already checked.

At this point calculations can be typed in on the keyboard and will be spoken. Pressing enter is the same as pressing equal and escape is the same as pressing clear. There are many buttons on the screen which can be explored and pressed using the Voiceover cursor. This will be necessary when using the scientific calculator.
When using the scientific calculator after pressing one of the buttons for a particular type of calculation (example Pi) the value can then be typed and the Voiceover cursor does not need to be moved back to a particular part of the screen.
Note: The Item Chooser is a great way of easily getting to buttons on the screen of the calculator.

Mail--used for sending and receiving mail over the Internet.

1. Writing and sending Mail.
     a. Command-N=New Message. Focus is placed in the 'To' field       where the address can be typed.
     b. Order of fields is: to, CC, Bcc, Subject, Popup menu to      
      customize what fields are available when writing the new message, popup allowing a user to change what e-mail account the message is being sent from, Popup allowing for the selection of different signatures
      and the area to write the message signified by Voiceover      
      saying ""edit Text".
     c. Type body of message.
     d. Command-Shift-d=send. Focus returns to Inbox.

2. Spell checking a message.
     a. Command-shift-semicolon=spell check.
     B. VO Keys-W reads the word.
     C. Down Arrow moves through suggestions.
     d. Pressing the Enter key changes the misspelled word to the      
      selected suggestion and highlights the next misspelled word.
     E. For each new misspelled word down arrow to pick a suggestion
      and press enter to change the misspelled word to the selected
      suggestion. If you don't want to change a word just press enter       when you hear a misspelled word that you want to skip and the       next word will be highlighted. If you want to hear the misspelled word again press VO Keys-W. To spell the word press VO Keys-W two times.
     g. When spell check is complete press escape to exit the spell      
      checker and return to the message.

3. Attaching a file
     a. Write message using above procedure.
     b. Command-Shift-A= attach file and places focus in the file      
      browser.
     c. Type the first letter until the name of the file is heard or use -      the up and Down arrows to select a file and press enter to            attach.
     d. Command-Shift-d=send.

4. Reading Mail and opening attachments.
When the Mail program is opened focus is usually placed in the inbox also called the message table.
     a. Down arrow to the message to be read.
     b. VO Keys-J=Jump. This moves the focus from the message       table to the content of the message. Voiceover will then begin reading the message automatically.

To open an attachment INteract with the message by pressing VO Keys-Shift-Downarrow and then press VO Keys-shift-end to go to the bottom of the message. A tick will be heard followed by the name and size of the attachment and the words "attached image".
Press VO Keys-spacebar to click on the attachment and open it. alternatively Press VO Keys-Shift-M to access the context menu and down arrow to open attachment.
     a. Press enter and the attachment will be opened in the      
      application that can access the particular file type.
     b. Press VO Keys-J again to return focus back to the message       table.

Note: Sometimes attachments do not appear at the bottom of the message so it will be necessary to read through the message using VO Keys down arrow to find the attachment.

5. Replying to a message
     a. Command-R=Reply. Type the reply message. Original message       will appear below.
     b. Press Command-Shift-d to send.

End of Document.

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